Mens Paternity Leave

College Writing English 111 Fall 2012 Essay #3: Writing Strategy Prompts Evaluation Using the techniques of social satire modeled in â€Å"A Word from My Anti-Phone Soapbox† (pg. 131), assess a public policy, social movement, or cultural trend you believe deserves serious and detailed criticism. But don’t write a paper simply describing your target as dangerous, pathetic, or unsuccessful. Instead, make people laugh at your target while also offering a plausible alternative. Causal Analysis After examining the way Charles Paul Freund deals with jeans (pg. 70), identify a comparable trend you have noticed or a change in society or culture that deserves scrutiny. It might relate to technology, entertainment, political preference, fashion, popularity of careers, or other areas. Write an analysis of the phenomenon, considering either causes or potential consequences of this new mania. Then illustrate the trend with images that suggest its cultural reach or significance. Spen d some time in the opening of your paper describing the trend and establishing that it is consequential.Rhetorical Analysis Using Seth Stevenson’s â€Å"Ad Report Card Can Cougars Sell Cough Drops? † on pg. 253 as a model, write your own critical analysis of a single ad or full ad campaign you find worthy of attention. Choose a fresh campaign, one that hasn’t yet received much commentary. Literary Analysis In â€Å"Insanity: Two Women† (pg. 231), Kanaka Sathasivan does a close, almost line-by-line analysis of Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"I felt a Funeral in my Brain†; then she compares the themes and strategies of the poem to those she finds n Charlotte Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † For a project of your own, do either a close reading of a favorite short poem or song or a comparison of two works from different genres of media. For the close reading, tease out all the meanings and strategies you can uncover and show readers how the text works. For the comparison, be sure to being with works that interest you because of some important similarity: They may share a theme or plot or even be the same work in two different media—The Prince of Persia video game and movie, for instance.

Resources and Capabilities of Coca-Cola Essay

In the competitive corporate world it is very important for organizations to have a strategy. This strategy should be based on resources and capabilities that the firm has and also taking into consideration the opportunities that arise in the external environment enabling companies to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. (Grant, 2005). The company that I have chosen is Coca-Cola. The reason behind me choosing this company is because from my point of view, Coca-Cola has been a company that has always invested, upgraded and leveraged its resources and capabilities to be the most successful brand in the soft drink industry for more than 120 years. According to Interbrand ´s report on Best Global Brands, Coca- Cola has been ranked in the first position for the 13th consecutive years. Estimating its brand value at $77.8 billion and having a rise in 8% since last year annual report. (The New York Times, 2012). Coca-Cola ´s was discovered by John Pemberton, a pharmacist from Georgia, as a result of an accident, which has now become the most consumed soft drink in the world. (The Coca-Cola Company, 2012). Around 1.7 billion of Coke products are consumed in a day. (The World Fact Book, 2012). Its portfolio of products range from the traditional Coca-Cola, carbonated soda water, bottled water, tea, sports drink and fruit juices, having over 3,500 products and brands. The company holds 275 bottling partners around the world; these companies are dedicated to produce, package and distribute most of the company ´s products. The company competes in over 200 countries. (The Coca-Cola Company, 2012). The resource based view is a framework that suggests that companies obtain competitive advantage by focusing on strategies that exploit their internal strengths by responding to the external opportunities and trying minimize external threats and internal weaknesses. (Barney, 1991). The advantage of this model is that the firm can consider factors that are within their control. (Connely, 2010). Moreover, this model has two assumptions in analyzing resources. The first one is that the firm is heterogeneous to the strategic resources they control. The second is that resources aren’t perfectly mobile across firms and thus heterogeneity can be long lasting. (Barney, 1991). Before talking about Coca-Cola ´s resources and core capabilities it is important to understand the difference between these two. â€Å"Resources are the productive assets owned by the company, capabilities are what the firm can do well. Resources can be classified as three types; tangible resources, intangible resources and human resources.† (Grant, 2005, p. 136-137). Authors such as Teece and Pisano (1997) suggest that an organization has to always renew and recreate its resources to meet the needs of changing environments. They are three basic types of dynamic capabilities the ones sensing opportunities and threats, the ones concerning seizing opportunities and the ones concerned in re-configuring the capabilities of an organization. Dynamic capabilities can take various forms such as recruitment and management process, major strategic moves, such as acquisitions and alliances. Tangible resources are physical and financial resources that can take a variety of forms. These assets and capabilities determine how efficiently and effectively a company performs its functional activities†. (Grant, 2005, p.139). To determine if a company has a strong financial position financial analyst tend to evaluate in general the gross profit margin, operating margin, ROA and ROE ratios. The Coca Cola Company has a very strong financial position, its sales were $46.542 billion, its gross profit margin in the year 2011 was 60.86%, 2010 it was 63.86%, in 2009 it was 64.22% meaning that the company has been consistent in their efficiency of manufacturing and distribution during the production process. (Google Finance, 2011). The operating margin in 2011 was 23.06% and 2010 it was 39.13%. The margin is the measure of the proportion of company ´s revenue left after deducting variable costs. The margin has been consistent which means that the company is always trying to maintain its variable costs. The ROA is the indicator of how efficient a company is using its assets to generate earning. In 2011, Coca-Cola ´s ROA was 10.17%, during this year the management was less efficient at using its assets but during last few it has been quite efficient. In 2010 it was 16.19%; in 2009 it was 14.02%. The ROE from last year has dropped from 28.17% in 2010 to 17.73% in 2011, even though the company is trying use less shareholders equity to produce profits. (Coca-Cola ´s Annual Report, 2011). The physical resources that Coca-Cola owns can be classified into building, equipment and their bottling partners. The buildings account for $ 5.24 billion, the property, plant and equipment account for $ 23.15 billion. The distribution of the drink is done through 275 bottling partners. The bottling partners manufacture, package, merchandise and distribute the finished branded beverages. (Coca-Cola ´s Annual Report, 2011). The intangible resources tend to contribute more than tangible resources. They can be classified as; intellectual property, resources for innovation and reputation. (Grant, 2011). One of Coca-Cola ´s most valuable intangible resource is its secret formula. The company tends to sell concentrated syrups to their bottling partners, who then use the syrup to produce the final product. This means that the company does even share their secret formula with its bottling partners. (Coca-Cola ´s Annual Report, 2011). According to Coca- Cola another intangible resource that they own is their technology and the know-how. They related this technology to the â€Å"Company ´s products and the processes for their production, the packages used for our products, the design and operation of various processes and equipment used in our business and certain quality assurance software.† (Coca-Cola ´s Annual Report, 2011, p. 9). An intangible asset that Coca-Cola owns is its â€Å"Goodwill†. The goodwill can be classified as the strong brand name, good customer relations or good employee relations. (Investopedia, 2012). In 2011 Coca- Cola ´s good will accounted for $ 12,219. The company performs impairment tests of goodwill at geographic operating areas. The operating areas are: Eurasia and Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America and Pacific. Coca- Cola ´s brand loyalty and recognition can be considered as Coca-Cola ´s most valuable intangible resource. Every day 1.7 billion of coke products are consumed in a day, more than 60% of the of the world ´s population have a Coke drink in a day. (Market Line, 2011). Moreover, the red and white logo is recognized by 94% of the world ´s population. (Business Insider, 2012). The Coca-Cola Company had 146,200 employees worldwide in the year 2011, respectfully called associates. The Company always tries to keep their employees engaged by motivating and indulging responsibility in projects. Their work place includes on site company gym, free Coca-Cola drinks, summer and flexible working hours. Training and development also plays a big role, they continually invest in employee development plans, internal talent management, leadership development for managers and employee performance management. They also tend to reward their employees by different elements such as pension, health care and additional holidays. Once analyzed Coca-Cola ´s tangible and intangible resources I now proceed to analyze their core competence and dynamic capability. Core competence can be defined as â€Å"the linked set of skills, activities and resources that, together, deliver customer value, differentiate a business from its competitors and potentially can be extended and developed†. (Johnson et al, 2011, p. 89). Coca-Cola ´s major dynamic capability is large investment in marketing. In 2011, Coca- Cola spent $ 3.3 billion on advertisement. (Google Finance, 2011). Their marketing programs are developed to â€Å"Think Globally, but act locally† designed to enhance more consumer awareness and product appeal for customers. The company tends to differentiate its marketing strategy in developed markets and developing markets. In developed markets is objective is continue having growing profits and in developing markets its objective is to increase brand value. In emerging markets they invest in brands and infrastructure programs to give access to the consumers to the product. In developed markets they invest in making the product affordable, good communication with its customers and differentiation within its products. (Coca-Cola ´s Annual report, 2011). Another core competence that enables the company owns to gain competitive advantage is their distribution and bottling operations. Most of their products are â€Å"manufactured, sold and distributed by independently owned and managed bottling partners†. (Coca- Colas Annual report, 2011, p. 32). The company owns nearly 275 bottling companies, distributing their products in more 200 countries. Three most known bottling companies are Coca-Cola Hellenic, Coca-Cola Femsa, and Coca-Cola Amatil. Coca-Cola Hellenic distributes in 28 European countries. In 2011, 46% of the unit case volume of Coca-Cola Hellenic consisted of Trademark Coca-Cola Beverages. Coca-Cola Femsa is a Mexican company covers most of parts of South America. In 2011, 62 percent of the unit case volume of Coca-Cola FEMSA consisted of Trademark Coca-Cola Beverages. Coca-Cola Amatil covers Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Indonesia. In 2011, 45 percent of the unit case volume of Coca-Cola Amatil consisted of Trademark Coca-Cola Beverages. According to Coca-Cola the ownership of bottling companies helps them reduce costs and make the product more available throughout the world. In the next five years the company has committed to invest $30 billion in their bottling companies. (Coca-Cola ´s Annual Report, 2011). Coca-Cola ´s innovation in products can be classified as one of its most dynamic capability. They always try to â€Å"recreate and renew† their products. The company holds around 500 products. (Coca-Cola ´s Annual Report, 2011). Their innovation philosophy is â€Å"70/20/10†. They invest â€Å"70 of their resources in existing products, 20% in innovations related to existing products and 10% in pure innovation. (Forbes, 2012). The newest products launched into the markets are mini cans of 7.5 ounces and has only 90 calories. Another new product is Sprite Green, naturally sweeten Truvia, every 8.5 ounce serving has 50 calories and 5% lemon juice. (World of Cola, 2012). Once analyzed all of Coca-Cola ´s resources and core capabilities, the next step is to use the VRIN model, which consists in externally analyzing the firm’s resources and dynamic capabilities to see if these are useful to generate sustainable competitive advantage. VRIN stands for Value, Rarity, Inimitability and Non-Substitutability. (Barney, 1991). Nevertheless some authors such as, McEcily and Chakravarthy (2002), believe that the framework lacks semantic logic that account for characteristics that impede certain activities in the firm at the same time enhancing others. The value of resources can be determined if they can give a company competitive advantage at a cost that it allows the organization to have acceptable profits. (Johnson et al, 2011, p. 89). In case of Coca-Cola the company is very innovative this makes them the market leader. It always takes advantage of new market trends to develop new products and gain competitive advantage. In 1892, they were the first ones recognize about the change that consumers were getting more health conscious and introduced the Diet Coke, a low calorie beverage, which since then became the world ´s top-selling low-calorie soft drink. (World of Coca-Cola, 2012) In terms of Rarity, rare capabilities are those that no or few firms posse. (Johnson et al, 2011, p. 89).According to Coca-Cola their brand value, brand loyalty and brand recognition are capabilities that no other firm holds in the industry. As stated before, their brand value is estimated at $ 77.8 billion and their logo is recognized by 94% of the world population. They have been holding this capability since many years which drives them sustainable competitive advantage. (Coca-Cola ´s Annual report, 2011). Coca-cola resources can also be classified as inimitable. Their distribution system and bottling companies are so widely spread throughout the world, making their products available to customers everywhere at any time of the day. It is really difficult for companies to have such wide distribution network as the costs would be really high for a new firm trying to do this. (Forbes, 2012) Moreover, their secret formula of making coca-cola is considered as non substitutability resource. This is because it hasn’t been discovered by any other soft drink company. Even thought there are substitutes available in the market none of them meet up to Coca-Cola ´s taste or standard. (Coca-Cola ´s Sustainability Report, 2011) In conclusion, Coca-Cola ´s history, brand equity, people, distribution network, secret recipe, etc. are resources that are difficult to imitate, while being extremely valuable. The company constantly works to gain competitive advantage by developing healthier products as consumers are becoming more health conscious and by having big investments on marketing programs to have more consumer engagement. Even though Coca-Cola ´s strategies and competitive advantage are extremely sustainable the company can face competition from healthier and more environmental friendly firms, which the company is trying to tackle by implementing the 2020 vision. The 2020 vision has 5 long-term objectives. The first one is energy conservation/climate change which consists in reducing by 15% carbon footprint. Second, sustainable packaging/recycling makes their packaging 100% recyclable. Third, water stewardship which consists in establishing a water sustainable operation in which they minimize the use of water and have neutral water impact on the local communities where they operate. The Fourth is product portfolio/wellbeing, they intent to provide healthier beverages for every lifestyle and occasion. Fifth, diverse and inclusive culture consists in creating a better work place to work every employee with a wide diversity of culture.

Business Plan for Educational Website

Business Plan for Educational Website 1.0 Executive Summary Stay Clean, is a site that is based on Environmental Management Practices Education. It is owned and operated by me, Morrison Edwards. I am determined to ensuring that people live in an environment free of contaminations and appealing to live in. I am thus taking the initiative to educate people on how we can make our environment friendlier for habitation. The people are taught to carry out environmental practices once in a month. The activities involved in the practices are quite simple and are meant to encourage people on how the little changes they make in the initiative can make an enormous difference to the environment and their personal lives. The sources of revenue supporting the plan are from my personal savings from employment. I will be organizing with other affiliate companies and retailers to provide me with the products I will require in the process. Our benefits will be commission based from the sales of the products used in the environmental management practice. Financially the strategy is aimed at making profits, and of most concern will be minimizing expenses. A portion of the profits will be ploughed back into the business while the rest will be used for personal growth. I believe that it is a just course to keep our environment clean as much as the initiative is also a money creating opportunity. The cash flow into the action is a priority as well as the cash balance. In accomplishing my goals, the following areas are going to be of emphasis. The web content must be of the best quality and interactive to the users. The tips will be elaborate and engaging, inspiring and empowering so that the users will share the tips quickly enough to improve the use of the website. The project is aimed for gross profits in the future and so I will cut the current expenses to meet my current demands. The products that will be required in the process of the affiliate companies will have to be recommended on the website for buying by the people so that the profits gained from the commission will be used in the initiative. Since I do not intend to use more money in the expenses the online marketing plan will have to be perfectly effected to meet the expectations. 1.1 Mission The website is an educational platform meant to teach people on how to maintain the environment clean by performing cleanliness practices at least twice in one month. For the entire year. I am looking forward to enlightening people so that they become more environmentally conscious. In the process the affiliate institutions and retailers will have the opportunity to sell their products. The profits will be shared among all the member parties, the producing companies, the retailers and me. 1.2 Objectives of the Plan i) To conducting weekly environmental teaching sessions. Educate people on how their contribution in maintaining the environment will reduce environmental hazards or detrimental environmental impacts on the general popu lation. ii) At the end of the first year the website should have approximately 500 subscribers already signed up for the weekly tips on the environment. iii) The site must receive 10,000 customers monthly. iv) Profits will be evaluated within six months. v) The Profit will be redistributed to support the project and into personal savings. 1.3 Important Factors of success i) The Website content will have to be quality; the weekly tips will be elaborate and straightforward, friendly and inspiring. ii) The marketing of the site must be exquisite for maximum subscription iii) The expenses will remain flat to maximize profitability. iv) The products sold will be environmentally friendly and the buyers will have to be inspired so that the commissions care increased to make profits. 1.4 Summary of the Business The Stay Clean initiative is a small business website based in Marina and it is purposefully meant to enlighten the community on the effectiveness of cleanlines s to minimise the impacts of environmental hazards. The cleanliness initiatives training will be conducted twice a month as explained on the website. The teaching sessions are conducted online on the website or on weekly meetings for an individual attendance. The weekly audience subscription is free. The business will be making profits from commission received by the sale of products obtained from the Affiliate Company and retailers supplying the products to be used in the initiative. 1.5 Financial Plan I am looking forward to starting the initiative with a capital of 3000 dollars obtained from my personal savings. This will be used to come up with the website and in facilitating services of the Affiliate Company and retailers. The money will also be spent on the legal purposes and acquiring the computer equipment and in registering the computer domain for the name of the website. The remaining expenses will remain untouched until income generation begins. 1.6 Ownership of the Business Initiative The Stay Clean Business initiative is a sole proprietorship, a plan created and founded by (name). It is an enlightenment effort as well for personal growth The Products involved The business does not produce the required products on its own. I am marketing earthly friendly products recommended for cleaning and maintaining the environment. The products will be acquired from a company and retailers who will be paying the commission based on the sales of the products made. The company and the retailers are the affiliate parties. The goods thus will not be costly thus the cost of production is cut. The fulfillment and the inventory levels or the customer service. The only risk involved in the business is that the profit is commission based and only received in terms of percentage of the sales obtained from mobilization through the website organised weekly teaching sessions, and not from the entire sales. The recommended environmentally friendly products are: i) Products that can be reused. These are products that can be put back into use like lunch bags, batteries etc. ii) Supporting consumption of organic foods: vegetables, fruits, and snack meals. iii) Paper products that can be recycled. iv) Cloth diapers. v) Kitchen products: Cloth rags, towels etc. vi) Herbal medicines. vii) Low water usage: Shower heads, horse pipes and equipment that reduce water use. viii) Books on environmental friendliness. xi) Solar powered appliances and the tools and equipment running on solar. x) Music about environmental maintenance and friendliness. Market analysis Out target market is the general community especially the internauts or the technology survey who can access the internet in the age bracket of 18-55 years. This is the target group that can be used to make the environment better. The secondary market target are the students of age 12-22 who can have adequate time engaging in the environmental management practices. The retired people are also focused as they have more free time to attend the training sessions. 4.2 Target market Segment Strategy Since our primary aim is to live in an environmentally friendly atmosphere while also making profits, we have particular reason for the targeted market 1. The students – We engage them as they are technology survey and will pass the information faster to their associates, again they will embrace the initiative as they like clean surroundings 2. Adults – It is the largest market and the biggest target. They are the individuals who will be purchasing the products thus significant in revenue generation. 3. The retirees. They have more free time and resources to spend on initiatives that are environmentally friendly. 4.3 Industry Analysis The website is meant for educational reasons and since the educational sites are hardly available the completion is slim. The existing environmental sites deal with either giving news on the envir onment or other environmental topics not related to the latter. The website is an environmental friendly pro initiatives marketing products aimed at improving the environment from which the sales will receive the profits that is commission based. 4.4 Buying patterns Our focus is on enlightening people on the products they knew never existed and going by the friendliness in the adverts and inspiration, the customers will definitely chose us over other competitors as the information provided is simple and comprehensive but not overwhelming. Those who shall have adopted the information will just be buying the products and mostly will be introducing more people thus an increase in the product sales increasing out profits. The product finding process will be simplified so that they can easily be found in the Affiliate Company and retailers. (Software, 2017). References Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Finch, B. (2016). How to write a business plan. Kogan Page Publishers. Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing Management: A Relationship Approach. Pearson Education. Huynh, M., Appell, R., & Stetkiewicz, M. (2014). Process mapping. Software, P. A. (n.d.). Educational Website Business Plan. Retrieved February 21, 2017, from http://www.bplans.com/educational_website_business_plan/financial_plan_fc.php

Research Paper on Slavery Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

On Slavery - Research Paper Example Today, it is suggested to be declared as a National Monument by many Americans. In 1619, the first imprisoned Africans held by ship were brought to this place which had been an outpost of the Jamestown colony in that era. The ship carried a cargo of 20 Africans enslaved by the first English colony in North Virginia.a It is said to be a singular and noteworthy coincidence that this spot ended the concept of slavery in the Civil War era when southern states’ slaves began to escape from the Confederate army to northern states.1 The Confederate army was formed from people who were slaves and ordered by their masters to fight with the Unions from south side. These men were even threatened to be shot if they made an attempt to run toward north for Union. Southern countries of Virginia near Fort Monroe invaded by Union had been denser with plantations and slaves as compared to that of northern countries of Virginia. The Confederate people were seen as loyal gentlemen of Virginia and their slaves had built the munitions without getting wages for their work. Such gentlemen and their work were appraised by the Confederate General Pierre T. Beauregard in an official report on the battle at Bull Run. The General mentioned in the report that without any doubt, the constructions by those slaves had not only saved and parted with the white volunteers from that laborious and arduous military service but also gave them more time to train as soldiers. Confederate military apotheosis was revolved about this strategy as they had wanted a valor army of white men backed by the unsalaried labor of African American slaves. Similarly, the Union Army also had a fresh understanding of the importance of slave labor to the war in the wake of Bull Run. As reported by the soldiers, thousands of slaves had been working for the Confederate. Some Neo-Confederate writers have argued that African Americans volitionally worked and fought for the Confederacy by referring it in a selective ma nner from some enslaved men’s stories who worked for the Confederacy. Some of those slaves narrated with confidence that their owners deliberately and forcefully made them fight with the Union Army. The Confederates committed to give them money for their efforts and hard work, and promised to free them after the defeat of Unions. The promises of southern considered fake by the slaves and they just fought for the cause of Confederate as they had no other option.2 On May 23, 1861, some Virginians cut and ran from the slave-owner who was a Confederate colonel, and looked for shelter and security at the Union-held bastion. These slaves had been forced to work for their Confederate master in constructing rebel fortifications. Some escaped after the Confederate leaders left for war and some joined Unions after their arrival at south. Later, the owner of those slaves was refused to get their slaves back under fugitive-slave laws as the Union Gen. Benjamin F. Butler stated the escape d men being contraband of war, and declared it a legitimate seizure. For that reason the slaves were classified as conquered goods which had been used for military purposes by the opponent in war. The first black slaves broke away from their owner giving courage to others to take the same step toward freedom and within days more than hundred African Americans flew from south and arrived at the Fort for safe harbor. The fort soon began called as Freedom’

How to Conduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to Conduct - Research Paper Example To find answers to a research question, a research has to be undertaken. The two major approaches used in conducting a research is collection of secondary data or primary data (Ward & Wilkinson, 2006). However, in my research I used both secondary and primary data. I decided to use primary data collected in the course of the research. To collect these kind of data, I used a design of experiment with one of the learning institutions in these area as my sample, which I divided into different groups and administered different treatments to each group. The major resources used in my research were stationary and questionnaires. These were mainly for the collection of data used to draw a conclusion. I also had to compare the conclusion drawn from the data with information from the available literature concerning motivation and incentives. The main source of these literatures was the internet although I also consulted several library information sources. According to Steneck (2009), there are various rules that govern research in which some of them are federal rules, authorship and publication rules and confidentiality rule. As a person who values research I had to observe these rules from the beginning of my research to the end. From this research, I found out that incentive play a very great role in promoting students’ performance. However, I also found out that the roles motivation plays in enhancing students’ performance vary across the different types of motivation. I learned from this research that the outcome of a research depends on the type of data collected as well as the number of elements used in the collection of these

Civil Rights Movement and Marine Force Recon in Vietnam Research Paper

Civil Rights Movement and Marine Force Recon in Vietnam - Research Paper Example Most of them joined the marine forces at eighteen. Into the training, they carried along all the prejudices they had experienced in their earlier life. In such critical times, training played a great role in transforming these individuals into a unified marine force reconnaissance. As this essay brings out, racial relations in the marine were not good at the time and many African Americans had to face these setbacks. 1962 was the year when the then American president granted equal opportunity to people from all races to join the American forces. The African Americans were facing challenges because of their color (Shaw and Donelly 70). In many sectors of the marine forces, discrimination existed and the status of African Americans was bad. Race was a key barrier for them and they lacked easy access to opportunities compared to the whites. These are the reasons why the president saw the essence of a committee that would investigate into the issue. Increased segregation existed in the marine forces. The investigation of the matter was taking place in the 1960’s when a high racial tension existed in America (Shaw and Donelly 82). At the same time, the situation in Vietnam was worsening. At the time, joining the marine force was voluntary and individuals taking up the responsibility understood the risk involved. Due to the rising racial tension, civil rights movements rose up to champion for t he rights of black marines. The African American marines lacked equal opportunities in promotions, job assignments, and military justice. In addition, it was evident that the organization and involving of blacks in public events had a lot of racial influence. There were different camps of the marines in different regions. The camps at Vietnam reported incidences that resulted from the existing racial indifferences. The white-black relations were falling apart in the 1960’s. The blacks who had been the subject of discrimination for a long time now stood up in

Ethical Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Theory - Assignment Example The utilitarian theory is applicable in this situation based on several factors. Firstly, it provides an opportunity to evaluate the morality of end of life medical support. Secondly, the value of end of life medical support can be evaluated by listing both the positive and negative outcomes of the issue. Allowing end of life care will give patients autonomy over their health. This is a good thing because everyone should have a viable alternative should the illness become too painful. In addition, they will enhance the management of resources. For example, the death of terminally ill patients will free up health care resources for other patients. However, the arguments made against the practice also offer some interesting and valid information on the issue. Firstly, it is believed that the practice will encourage individuals to commit suicide. Secondly, there is a possibility that doctors would recommend the practice as a means of saving resources. Thirdly, the life of any human bein g is sacred and should not be ended by their decision or through the decisions of other people. A comparison of arguments presented by both parties reveal that the practice will do more good than harm. In addition, contingency measures can be taken to regulate the practice. For example, there should be laws that state the conditions under which it will be acceptable. In addition, the doctors should exercise due diligence and ensure that they give their patients sufficient information to enable them to make informed choices (Yadav, 2006). This may include telling them that exercising their power of self rule may work against their best interests (Savory & Marco, 2009). This places a lot of power on doctors who may have vested interests in seeing the patient choose End of Life Care Support. The major strength of this theory is that it seeks to find the greatest ratio of good to evil. As a result, it supports the practice since it limits the drain of resources for

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Reflection paper - Essay Example Players of these games become familiar with some of the outstanding issues in the urban planning profession. Professionals in this field have taken time to study the emerging games in an effort to integrate ideas from the simulated cities to the real life urban planning activities. Without doubt, computer games simulating urban planning activities have gained increasing popularity and proved to be learning source for both students and urban planners. After a close analysis of computer games such as SimCity, it becomes evident that urban planning games are involving and intriguing. Notably, the release of SimCity caused increasing excitement, as players were able to achieve goals that real urban planners are unable to achieve. Notably, the SimCity computer games gave the player an opportunity to control and monitor traffic to determine the levels of happiness exhibited by people and carry out monthly policy reevaluations. In addition, the computer games allowed an individual to carry out GPS tracking of different people. Other intriguing computer games include the Transport Tycoon, Simutrans, Rail Roal Tycoon, and Caesar. Most of these games present a player with a blank city so that the player can develop an efficient and functional system. Players control plots for development, lay down transport systems, and build social amenities. Notably, some companies have advanced and developed simulation games that have a close similarit y to the actual transportation systems. The only difference is that simulation games lack live data. In these games, players can control an entire transportation system determining whether commuters are happy or not. Some of the modern computer games illustrate historical events and integrate realism in an effort to make computer games a learning resource (Levy 45). The most interesting aspect is that urban planners take special interest in analyzing computer games that simulate real life situations.

Political Heights Achieved by Theodore Roosevelt Essay

Political Heights Achieved by Theodore Roosevelt - Essay Example He had a comfortable childhood, owing to his family’s affluence and he was homeschooled because of his health complications. Much of his childhood was spent in reading and in the exploration of natural history (Thayer 22). At the age of 18, he joined Harvard for four years, and excelled both at academics and in sports, following which he studied in Germany for a year and ultimately entered politics in his hometown by joining the Republican Party in 1880 (â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt – Biography†; â€Å"Timeline†). Upon being elected into the Assembly of New York State in 1881, Roosevelt held office for 3 years during which he introduced many reforms (Pringle 70). He became the youngest man ever to be elected into the Assembly (â€Å"Timeline†). His first book, The Naval War of 1812, was published during his stint at the Assembly. During his tenure, he also joined the National Guard and was the Chairman of the Committee on Cities, during which his effort s led to major modifications in the Charter of New York City (â€Å"Timeline†). In 1884, Roosevelt suffered a great personal loss with the demise of his mother and wife on the same day, after which abandoned his political endeavors for a while (â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt†; â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt – Biography†). ... In 1886, he married Edith Carow and re-entered politics (â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt†). In 1887, his third book, Life of Thomas Hart Benton, was published, followed by the publication of four other books, Life of Gouverneur Morris, Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail, and Essays in Practical Politics in 1888 and 2 volumes of The Winning of the West in 1889 (â€Å"Timeline†). Roosevelt was appointed as a US Civil Services Commissioner in Washington until 1895, after which he became assistant secretary of the Navy under President McKinley’s administration (â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt – Biography†). Several of his books including the History of New York, The Wilderness Hunter, and American Ideals were published during this period. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish-American war in 1898, he left for Cuba as lieutenant colonel of the first US volunteer cavalry regiment called the Rough Riders, raised by himself from among the cowboys and hunters from the West (â₠¬Å"Timeline†; â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt – Biography†). After the Battle of San Juan Heights, he was nominated for the Congressional Medal of Honor, which he denied (Pringle 460). In 1898, Roosevelt was nominated as Governor of New York State by the Republican Party, after which he was elected as Governor and served for two years. He was then elected as the Vice President of the United States after which he went on to become the president following the assassination of President McKinley (â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt – Biography†). He became the 26th president of the United States and the youngest one at that. In 1994, he was again elected as President for a full term. Under Roosevelt’s presidency, the International Court of Arbitration was opened at The Hague (â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt – Biography†).  

The Chesapeake and New England regions Essay Example for Free

The Chesapeake and New England regions Essay By the 1700s the English came to the New World and settled in The Chesapeake and New England regions. The lives of the people settled in these regions were centered on two dissimilar lifestyles. Distinctive differences between these regions were in expectations, beliefs, and social cultures. The differences created a clear cut between North and South. The wide gap between the development of The Chesapeake and New England regions was mainly because of the way their lives were centered. The Chesapeakes were geared around monetary profits and striking it rich, while New Englands focal point was about family and religious freedom. The Chesapeake region was settled in part to get rich quick, like what Captain John Smith said there was no talkbut dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold (Doc F). Life expectancy was low because people only cared about gold. They barely took time to eat and take care of themselves. Diseases took its toll on the people of this region; few people lived to the age of 50. Because of that many people grew up never knowing their grandparents, which led to no family values being taught. Women were scarce; men outnumbered women six to one. In the Ships List of Emigrants Bound for Virginia there was about fifty single men and sixteen single women aboard. (Doc C) Governor Berkeley and His Council reported on their inability to defend Virginia against a Dutch attack because one third of the freemen available for defense are single freemen whose labor will hardly maintain them. (Doc G) Many woman wound up pregnant before marriage and many ended up widows having to raise a family as a singl e mother. The Chesapeake regions soil and weather was perfect for tobacco cultivation. They profited quickly with tobacco, but tobacco ruined the soil so they constantly had to expand for more land to grow more tobacco. With the scarcity of people, the need for laborers was high. In the beginning indentured servants were given passage and sometimes a small plot of land to come to the colony to work. Once they were freemen most of them never received their land, which led to the Bacons Rebellion. To justify the rebellion, in Bacons Manifesto, he stated that the government and land owners were at fault for the rebellion for withholding the land and money they fully deserved and were promised. (Doc H) Then black slaves became the  labor source of the Chesapeakes. They were less rebellious and easily controlled according to the landowners. Racial discrimination developed with the thinking that the blacks were made to serve. The social gap began to appear and widen causing much controversy in the area. On the other hand there was the New England region, where the people had a completely different view on life. The priority of this region was a family focus. In New England it was much cleaner, nicer, and cooler so there was little disease and death. This increased the life expectancy by ten to twenty years, which helped create a better stable family life. People grew up knowing their grandparents, and widowhood was less common. In the Ships List of Emigrants Bound for New England nearly all of the emigrants were families of more then four. (Doc B) New Englanders tended to stay together as a family. Women married in their twenties and gave birth every two or so years. New England men had much power over the women because widowhood was less likely many women didnt have the same rights as they did in the south. Towns were centered on the community so they intended that the towns be composed of at least forty familiesrich and poor, and that everyone should have a share of meadow and a house lot. (Doc D) In every town there was a meetinghouse surrounded by house and a village green. A meetinghouse was used for community gatherings and a place of worship. Puritanism was very strong in the New England region. The town recommended that all tradesmen consider the religious end of their callings and how they can and will be serving God. (Doc E) Education was of high importance; towns of fifty families had to provide primary education and towns of one hundred had to proved secondary education. They established their first college, Harvard College, only eight years after settlement unlike Virginias college, William and Mary, which took eighty years. New Englanders became great traders because they had a lack of soil and planting area. Which made it less ethnically mixed because there was no need for black slave labor. Fishing and ship building were other main occupations of New England. Weather was extreme and rivers were fast-moving which contributed to their isolation from England. Because of this New England colonist were very stern, stubborn, self-reliant, resourceful, and energetic. The English settling in America led to the development of The Chesapeake and New England regions. The final result from these settlers was two distinct societies. Although they came to the New World on the same voyage, they were more different than you could imagine. The Chesapeake region achieved their pursuit of wealth and maintained an upper class society. They kept slaves on their plantations, and built bigger and better homes for themselves. The New England region prospered within their families, freedom to practice their religion, and kept and enjoyed a simple life. They maintained the value of a proper education, and continued to teach their children scripture. As far as dreams go, both regions succeeded in fulfilling them. A North and South of the New World were born. Bibliography Halcon, Ronald. AP US History Lecture. 2006

Performance Management And Improvement In Larsen And Toubro Management Essay

Performance Management And Improvement In Larsen And Toubro Management Essay Introduction The purpose of this assessment is that to identify and analyze the Human Resource policies adopted in the companies and determine whether these policies are appropriate or not based on the current market trends. The investors will be interested in certain way how the company os performing , for this the HR policies adopted by the company plays an important role. Selection and recruitment Flexible Work arrangements Performance management and improvement. Grievances I have taken into consideration the various Hr policies that I plays an important role in the companies not only the one that I will be discussing in this assignment but to other companies as well Here I have focused on the HR polices of a MNC company which is into various sectors of business , here The attention would be on the IT sector of that company. Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) Background Information. Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) is a company which is ito various sectors such as in manufacturing, engineering and also in IT . It is Multinational company , which has a branch in London UK its IT sector. This company on the overall has a strong customer focused approach and c class quality in all major lines of its industry. Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) has offices and branch which is globally spread .The company has around 11590 employees. LT Infotech focuses on Information technology and software services Business Model Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) offers three different business models or strategies that the clients can switch between them. Here each model benefits are unique , the clients can choose the best model at any point of time , to suit its business plans. Onsite Services In this model , the LT engineers are sent to the clients team at the clients location . here in this the client representative or the project manager of LT manages the project in the clients location .This model is suitable for onsite consulting with the clients customers for clients platforms and products. Offshore services Under this model the LT engineers develops the products required by the client on a need basics. A client representative would be doing the project co-ordination on the clients side. GLOBAL PERSENCE LT has its offices located globally.The company is into international business and the revenues has been growing steadily due to overseases business. The company has manufacturing facilities in India, China, Oman and Saudi Arabia. It has a global supply network with offices in 10 locations worldwide, including Houston, London, Milan, Shanghai, Seoul. Clients Its clients include industry leaders like Marsh McLennan, Standard Life, Travelers, Chevron, Freescale, Hitachi, Sanyo , Lafarge , ABSA , CitiGroup, Barclays , eCORPUS, Marathon and Qualcomm among others. Competitors BHEL Suzlon Energy BEML BGR AIA Engineering Alfa Laval1, Praj Industries Shriram Future Plans A blueprint for the next phase of growth till 2015, named Vision 2015, at Larsen and Toubro Ltd is being drafted and will be ready by March 2010. The company is planning to focus on segments traditionally dominated by foreign defence equipment makers and state-owned companies., . The company also hopes that the nuclear program will be in place once the new government assumes power. By signing pacts with three companies in the nuclear energy space, LT has hedged its risks as a nuclear equipment maker. It has put in place a nuclear equipment forging shop in Hazira in Gujarat at an investment of Rs1, 500 crore. This is in addition to a defence shipbuilding yard near Chennai at a cost of Rs1, 500 crore. As per plan, the company will create three operating companies to look after defence, aerospace and nuclear power sectors for effective operations. HUMAN RESOURCE INTRODUCTION The company considers people as the most important asset . they have teams with a diverse profile that include people from various backgrounds such as technologist and architects .The company choose people that are motivated in them self and have a strong sense of commitments with their clients. The people of these company have a nark in which they can tackle clienst and going for an extra mile for appreciations The company is maintaining a strong value driven professional work environment where every employee feels respected and fulfilled. The company follows a competency development approach which would allow them to maintain the talent the company has made. Selection and recruitment Larsen Toubro InfoTech always employees the candidates based on the merit and competence. The company also look for certain other qualities as well in an individual such as analytical ability Communication and innovation skill in practical problem solving. The Larsen Toubro InfoTech gives a very high importance for the candidates academic excellence. Why careful selection is required by LT InfoTech? The company is highly recognised and the quality standards are very high, in this company performance is important because having the employee with the right skill and right knowledge will be good as the firm will not suffer in the long run. Cost is another important factor because it will cost the employer a to recruit and hire people.. Larsen Toubro Infotech follows a competency-based recruitment philosophy, wherein Competence based job analysis basically means writing job description based on competencies rather than job duties. Thus kind will emphasis what the employees must be capable of doing rather than having a list of duties he or she must perform. Normal this competence based job descriptions describes job in terms of measureable, observable, behavioral aspects. This type of HRM policy would play participant roles while still allowing for evolution. All processes are geared to achieve our objective of attracting and selecting the best and brightest talent, while ensuring a best fit of the profiles. Typically the company recruits 75% of the candidates through various campuses and 25% of them through web based recruitment. Since web based recruitment is very common in UK and worldwide in advanced countries. Lots of companies pull information from web based sites. Larsen Toubro InfoTech offer of employment is a combination of multiple factors. It includes the value of the Larsen Toubro InfoTech brand, the opportunity to work with the best in class people who have graduated from top universities, an opportunity to work in multiple environments, and has world-class software development centres Objectives Recruitment procedure includes a simple description for job covering such as key activities, tasks, skills required, expectations, deliverables and safety considerations. When advertising, avoid discriminatory language e.g. young person. Recruitment process may include an application form, interviews , practical testing ,references checks , right to work in UK. Give the successful candidate a letter of appointment setting out clear terms and conditions. This includes the nature of employment e.g. permanent part time, casual. The letter should include a Larsen Toubro InfoTech come note and start details. Once the candidate has accepted, contact the unsuccessful candidates as a matter of courtesy Critical analysis Recruiting good candidates is every companys job. Human resource manager usually take the lead and coordinates the required activities , but every employee, every manager and every supervisor of the company has a role and share in the benefits of recruiting best applicants for the required position in the company. While I understand any company requires good applicants and candidates , In an interview we usual come across HR managers and several other employees of the company in the interview room , I usually find that employer usually throw questions at the candidate primarily aimed at tripping the candidate off rather that finding out what they could offer through their skills. Usually I have noticed that the HR manager of any company usually ask their own favorite questions. But the strategy applied by this company seems to be the best and most competitive in almost every aspects. This strategy applied by the company I understand that the HR team Knows the job requirements Know what skill is required fot that job They know what they are looking for in the candidate They know how to structure an interview By the application of the above strategy of this company(competency-based recruitment philosophy) Manager can quickly find out who would be best for the job. The can find out important thing from the candidate such as Knowledge and experience Overall motivation to succeed Poise and confidence Communication Intellectual capacity Personality Factor Goals ambition From this I understand that this competency-based recruitment has a interview plan about which we can draw the candidates general strength amd limitation . This competency-based recruitment finds the employees who will be technically be competent and fit the company culture. Recommendations High performance work system: This kind of recruitment and selection application would help the employees to work in a self motivated way. The team member would have better communication effiency as because the all have the same sets of knowledge. More strategic: This would help the organization to have a better ways of recruiting people by describing their job in a more measurable , observable behavioral competencies an employee must exhibit to do a job well. Performance management: Basing the employees training, appraisal and rewards on fostering rewarding the skills and competencies he or she needs to achieve his or her goals. Flexible Work arrangements Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) expects its employees to maintain a high standard of conduct and work performance to make sure the business maintains its good reputation with customers and clients. Good personal conduct contributes to a good work environment for all. Based on the responsibilities carer and private life the employees, the employees will require flexible work arrangement from their employer. The employees are given the freedom to send in their request based on their requirements. But the company will also have to look into the employments opportunity act , Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) Will look in to the request based facts and circumstances , later decide whether to accept or reject the request of the employee. Objectives The employees s environment of the work in the company and their responsibilities The Kind of situation the employee would be in if he does not fulfil the family or carer responsibilities The Financial strength of the employer The Kind of business the employer is in and the circumstance of work environment The impact on business if the employer has this flexible work arrangements The impact on business if the employer does not have this flexible work arrangements Apart from these objectives under the National Employment Standards , only a certain set of employees will have the right for this flexible work arrangements such as if the employees has served the organisation for 12 months ,secondly if they have a child who is under the school age, thirdly if and only if they also have c child who is under 18 and physically challenged. Employees must put such a request in writing. Which would involve an application form? Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) will response to their queries in a matter of 21 days in writing if the leave is granted or not . Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) will also provided in writing as why it was refused based on their business norms . Here in this company this flexible work arrangement will not be a hurdle at the times of promotion or responsibilities.. The company will treat all the employees equal including those who have these advantage of flexibility. Critical analysis: What I evaluate from this is that flexible work schedules have positive effects on employee producitiy , job satisfaction This has become quit popular in the last few years trying to reduce staff cost without having to make redundancies during recession. It can also help provide staff cover outside normal working hours and reduce the need for overtime. This kind of work flexibility will have the following benefits such as They will be a reduction in absenteeism which are unplanned ,lateness and slo stress This will improve the staff availability and travel shift work. The employees commitment would increase so this would increase the efficieny of the organization. Give suitable work hours which would be beneficial for the employer as well. The employee can work while kids are at school The employee can do more part-time work e.g. 2 days and 3days Longer hours less days There is a dramatic change in many of the organization in the recent years when they have introduce this flexible work arrangements, but this has improved the overall productivity , commitment and output of the employees. This provides the employees relaxation in terms of task duties and responsibities and also provided the employees with a opportunity to work away from campus. I analysis that Flexible working opportunities can benefit everyone employers, employees and their families. Most employers now recognize that it makes good business sense to provide flexible working opportunities for their staff. The flexible work arrangements have changed over the years in United kingdom where in 17.7% of men and 26.7% of women were employed with flexitime arrangements in the United Kingdom, Recommendations What I think is best is they should conduct a survey as to what the employees require The Survey should state what is needed and the staff would really respond is a appropriate way, which would provide an insight on culture of the organization. This type would also improves ways of getting worked done so the building or the floor is utilized to its full capacity . Work during quiet periods Working in this type of nature would increase the amount of work and making maximum use of the human resource. Fox example, if you are in customer service this would help a person make use of this time in paper work when the phones re not ringing Work-life balance This way of working environment would create a balance in work life which will help morale, motivation and commitment to the organization. This would help a person focus on his/ her work more effectively, than changing their focus elsewhere. This would help in increasing the business reputation of the employer as a whole Impact on your employers business This system has a major impact on the business , they are possibilities that the application might get rejected based on the business grounds of the organization. Cost of keeping the workplace open for longer There will be cost incurred in opening the workplace for longer, which could be a loss for the company , think about the security they need to provide we need think about these costs by the adavantage of this. Keeping track of hours worked The company may argue that it will be difficult to keep a track of hours the employee is trying to work .This might lead to confusion in the ending during the time of payment. Responding to customer needs I refuse the concept of to work flexitime as it will have an impact on the ability of the business to meet customer demand. I would Point out the business to would respond better to customer needs if more hours of the day is available two Performance management and improvement Traditional the organization conducted the performance in an disorganized manner and they would listen to the higher sub ordinates and take their orders these were considered as performance indicators. The formal system of appraisal followed by the Indian companies was considered as a confidecial report.. The purpose of Performance management and improvement is to improve the efficiency of the employees. The company encourage the employees to give feedback to management . The company employees will undergo a formal kind of performance review by their immediate managers based on the performance of that employee for that particular period 4 times in a year. The company follows the critical incident method , the manager keep a recorded of positive and negative contribution of the sub-ordinate s work related behavior .And discuss the performance based on this examples. objectives The software company like L T the project manager of that particular team would handle this performance review and here will be particular time set by the management of the company for this . The manager that is project manager would meet openly and constructively discuss the performance of that employee usually a general discussion. Based on the performance training would be given for that employee if their performance is very bad The manager should make a note of that team should have notes and copies that which is required to should to the higher authourity. L T uses this performance e to improve the performace of the company .If the company is not happy with the performance of the employee the company may end that employees employment.Depending on the circumstance , the performance improvement action may include warning , councelling or retraining. LT requires a ceratin minimum standard of performance which will be made clear to the employees that this would also help in appaerisal. But if the employee does not meet to the standards of the company LT will take apporaite action or in cases of serious misconduct or brech of policy may dismiss the employee. Every employees of LT must understand their responsilities and it is expected out of the by the company to meet the standards as required by LT. The comaony also provides a chance to the employee to defend themselves befor any action could take place. Performance improvement objectives LT will identify the employess who are in shortfall of performance and give them a chance of improvement. The manager will keep on eye on their improvement and based on their state of performance would sugeet them approate action such as training If the employees was given a verbal warning the manager will make of note odf the date and mark it. The manager will allow the employee to respond before making a decision and consider the employees responses. The employee may have a support person present at such meetings. The manager will decide if more action is needed. They will continue to support the employee and note the support they give, for example, training or counselling. The warning must clearly define: the deficiency a clear explanation of the expected standard by when the employee needs to achieve it how the business will help the employee achieve the improvement required consequences of failing to improve. Critical analysis The performance management system has a lot aof advantage for the company as it would be beneficial to the employess and the organisation as awhole. The employees will be working for themselves as well as for their individual teams thus improving the levels of communication. This is a type of goal alignment means having a process in place that allows any manager to see the link between employees goal and those of the teams and organisation. This type of performance evaluation in the organisation would help work flow, process control and return on investment on on ehich the company is targeting for would be linked in a meaningful way in achieveing the company overall performance. But not all the employees would be benefited from this system. We need to understand as to why this performace improvement is required . Firstly because they serve a useful career palaaning purpose . they provide an opportunity to review the employees carrer plan in light of his or her ahrenght or weakness. Secondly this would help the manager and his/ her sub ordinate to develop a proper plan to identify the sub ordinates deficiency and reinforce the right strategy in overcoming that defiencey. Thirdly this would help the employer to turn their strategics goals into specific employees goal , this can be done only if the performance is reviewd periodically. Critical Incident method has several advantages such as this makes tghe supervisor think all over the year about the appraisal of the sub ordinate. It also provided examples of good and poor performance that the supervisor can use to explain the persons rating But the down side of this critica incident menthod would be that the manager cannot use this foe comparing employees performace ith others. Recommendations. It help in setting the organisational goals Setting the departmental goals Define expected results Helps in performance Review Helps in providing feedback Standards may be unclear; halo effect, central tendency, liency, bias can also be problem Difficult to develop Can cause disagreement among employee and may be unfair if all employees are, infact excellent Time consuming Difficult to rate or rank employs relative to one another. Grievances Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) supports all the employees of its organisation to wite a grivence report to their manager if any decision on the of the management of the company is affecting their employement and what make them feel unfair. They can also compliat if the performance improvrment action against them is not suitable. Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) makes all possible attempts to solve the grievance of the employs in many possible ways .The manager would have the grievance that to the next possible level of authority for more discussion on this, have it sorted ouit as soon as possible . Managers will do their utmost to action grievances objectively, discreetly and promptly. Be aware that grievances that are misconceived, vexatious, and lacking substance may result in disciplinary action being taken against the employee lodging the grievance. Objectives The employer should solve this grievance as soon as possible .This should be informal and verbal. If this could not be achieved then the then grievance should be solved in a formal way and this process is continues. To start with the formal grivence investigation the compliant should be given in writing , with all the details , date , location and how they have tried to solve this problem in an informal way . If the grievance still cant be resolved, refer the matter to the most senior manager for consideration and a final decision. A grievance taken to this level must be in writing from the employee. Visit the work area of the grievance. Determine whether they were any witness. Fully examine the report of the grievance. Critical analysis A grievance is obviously problem encountered by an employees of any organisation. Sometimes there might exist bad relationship between the manager and the sub ordinates, there will be conflicts between the team members . problem employees are yet another cause for grievances shoot up in the company, these kinds of employees are always unhappy. These are individual who by nature it self are negetative , dissatisfied and prone to complaints. Yet the strategy introduce by these company its very good what I felt wa that the company should be careful while handling a grievance because they should not loss out any of the other good employees, in facta very good procedure indeed. Recommendation The best ways to handle the grievance s to build up an environment in such a way that the grievance would never occur. CONCLUSIONS Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) expects its employees to maintain a high standard of conduct and work performance to make sure the business maintains its good reputation with customers and clients. Good personal conduct contributes to a good work environment for all. This HR policy and procedure of Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) provides the policies and procedures for managing and developing staff. It also provides guidelines Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) will use to administer these policies, with the correct procedure to follow. In fact the above few mentioned facts are one among the HR policies, time to time it will be necessary to modify and amend some sections of the policies and procedures, or to add new procedures The main benefits are that it: assists the company to meet its legal obligations is a proven way to help managers and supervisors make consistent and reliable decisions helps give each employee a clear understanding as to what is expected and allowed

A Study Of The Life And Career Of Lord Alfred Tennyson and Selected Cri

A Study Of The Life And Career Of Lord Alfred Tennyson And Selected Criticism Of His Works Whether a person likes or dislikes the works of Lord Alfred Tennyson, most would agree that he was one of the most influential writers of his time period. Tennyson grew up in a wealthy family never wanting for anything. English author often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian age in poetry. Tennyson succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; he was appointed by Queen Victoria and served 42 years. Tennyson's works were melancholic, and reflected the moral and intellectual values of his time, which made them especially vulnerable for later critic. Alfred, Lord Tennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire. His father, George Clayton Tennyson, a clergyman and rector, suffered from depression and was notoriously absentminded. Alfred began to write poetry at an early age in the style of Lord Byron. After spending four unhappy years in school he was tutored at home. Tennyson then studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he joined the literary club 'The Apostles' and met Arthur Hallam, who became his closest friend. The undergraduate society discussed contemporary social, religious, scientific, and literary issues. Encouraged by 'The Apostles', Tennyson published POEMS, CHIEFLY LYRICAL, in 1830, which included the popular 'Mariana'. He travelled with Hallam on the Continent. By 1830, Hallam had become engaged to Tennyson's sister Emily. After his father's death in 1831 Tennyson returned to Somersby without a degree. His next book, POEMS (1833), received unfavorable reviews, and Tennyson ceased to publish for nearly ten years. Hallam died suddenly on the same year in Vienna. It was a heavy blow to Tennyson. He began to write 'Im Memorian' for his lost friend - the work took seventeen years. A revised volume of Poems, which included the 'The Lady of Shalott' and 'The Lotus-eaters'. 'Morte d'Arthur' and 'Ulysses' appeared in 1842 in the two-volume POEMS, and established his reputation as a writer. In 'Ulysses Tennyson portrayed the Greek after his travels, longing past days: "How dull it is to pause, to make an end, / To rust unburnished, not to shine in use!" After marrying Emily Sellwood, whom he had already met in 1836,... ... heart blend and break, one against the other, with the pathetic inconsistency.† 7 As for Tennyson’s other great work, â€Å"Idylls of the King†, people seemed to give it a much nicer criticism. Prince Albert felt that the poems, which he thourghly enjoyed, â€Å"rekindle the feeling with which the legends of King Arthur must have inspired the chivalry of old, whilst the graceful form in which they are presented blends those feelings with the softer tone of our present age.† 8 Tennyson’s other popular works include: â€Å"The Princess†, â€Å"Maud† and â€Å"Drama† . These are just a few of his poems Tennyson wrote hundreds in his career. It seems that the critics of Tennyson’s work, either loves it or hates it there is rarely a middle ground. Most critics seems to enjoy â€Å"Idylls of the King† and give it much better reviews than those of â€Å"In Memoriam† which people don’t seem to like as much. Lord Alfred Tennyson (1809-92) was considered England's greatest poet in the last half of the 19th century. People from every walk of life understood and loved his work.

Christopher Marlowe Essay -- essays research papers

Christopher Marlowe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Comparisons are odious†, was once said by Christopher Marlowe in Lust’s Dominion, Act iii scene4. Christopher Marlowe has been identified as the most important Shakespeare’s predecessors. He was born in Canterbury, England, on February 6, 1564 and then baptized at St. George’s Church, Canterbury, on February 25, 1564. Marlowe was the eldest son of John Marlowe, a shoemaker and Katherine Arthur, a Dover girl of yeoman stock. Christopher’s intermediate family and extended family had a reputation of getting in trouble with the law. His sister was known for being a selfish person seeking the unjust vexation of her neighbor’s, while his father was always continually engaged in lawsuits containing debts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christopher Marlowe entered the King’s School at Canterbury in 1579. There he held a scholarship requiring him to study Ministry. The school was a canter of theatrical interests. It contained a large library filled with a number of volumes which have been claimed as sources for Marlowe’s plays. In 1584, Marlowe received a Bachelor’s of Arts Degree. Following that, in 1587, he had received a Master of Arts Degree. Shortly after receiving his Master’s degree, Marlowe went to London. There he was part of a circle of young men which were: Rawley, Nashe, and Kyel. By 1587, his first play was â€Å"Tamburlaine the Great†, had been performed on stage. As a result of his first play, Marlowe has started getting ...

Digital Artists Essay -- Argumentative Papers Art Essays

Digital Artists When we think of artists, we think of paint on canvas, or clay masterpieces, or beautiful, timeless drawings, but what do you think when you hear digital artists? The acceptance of digital art into the mainstream art community is a controversy that is slowly becoming history. The controversy is essentially that many people believe that the art is created by the computer, and not by the artist. Numerous art exhibits and shows do not allow digital art in just for that reason. This is a lack of understanding of how the art is created, because images can not be created unless there is a creator with an idea and that person has gone through the creative process just like a normal artist. When it comes to the history if digital art, it also is a controversy because many say that it has no history. This again can not be true because there were pioneers in the field of digital art just like main stream traditional art. Digital art from the beginning was rooted in military defense systems, and was its research centers were funded by the federal government. It is debated so much because the history dates back to only 1956. This is the date is given to the start of Computer Art. This is the decade where the first imaged processed photos and art animation. The first computer art competition was held in 1963 by the US journal Computers and Automation. Also in 1963 was the first computer generated film by Edward Zajec. From then on more and more competitions and exhibits sprung up from all over the world. Many organizations emerged such as EAT or Experiments in Art and Technology (1967), SIGGRAPH (Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics), The Computer Arts Soc iety, and CTG or Computer Techniqu... ...gital technology so that they can understand and fairly judge the great works of digital art. Works Cited ArtandCulture.com. 1999. Digital Art. 10 October 2003. DAM.org. Digital Art Museum- Technology Timeline. 20 October 2003. EZBoard.com. Acceptance of Digital Art in Exhibitions. 20 October 2003. Jesdanun, Anick. â€Å"Digital Art Gaining Acceptance.† South Bend Tribune. 10 December 2001. South Bend Tribune 2001. 20 October 2003. Scates, Brian. â€Å"Please Accept Me As Art.† Spark Online.com 2002. 12 October 2003.

Jimi Hendrix and His Life Accomplishments Essay

Jimi Hendrix was one of the most influential and talented musicians of the 20th century, and through his work he made rock music what it is today. His talent with a guitar was what made him so popular in his own time. The reason he became a rock and roll legend in the 20th century was because of his new style, outrageous performances and his powerful lyrics which captivated his audiences. His new style of music involved, â€Å"†¦the extensive use but sensitively nuanced use of feedback, distortion, and other electronically manipulated sound effects.† (â€Å"Hendrix, Jimi†). Some found the performances he put on to be crazy or insane, but his fans found them to be inspiring. Nevertheless, â€Å"The true power of his genius lay in his musical and lyrical candor.† (Fricke). On November 27, 1942 at 10:15 Johnny Allen Hendrix was born in King County Hospital. Johnny’s name was changed 4 years later to James Marshal Hendrix, the name he is better know by today. Just a few months after Jimi turned 16 his mother Lucille died. Jimi got his first guitar later in the year of his mother’s death. (â€Å"Time Line†) Many people think his heartbreak over his mother’s death is why Jimi turned to the guitar and writing music because, â€Å"At its core, Hendrix’s music was all about the blues.† (Fricke). A year later in 1959 Jimi played in his first concert with â€Å"The Velvetones†. Then Jimi dropped out of high school to join the army. He was only in the army for about 3 months because he got injured during a mission and was discharged. Less than a year after being discharged from the army Jimi began to play on the R & B circuit. After about 4 years of that Jimi formed his own band called â€Å"Jimmy James and The B lue Flames†. In this band is where he was discovered by a man named Chas Chandler. (â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Biography†) Then on October 6, 1966 Jimi Hendrix’s most popular band was formed, â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Experience†. Over the course of about 2 years the Jimi Hendrix Experience released their 1st, 2nd and 3rd singles. They also toured in the UK, US, with the Monkeys and Jimi had his now legendary performance at the Monterey Pop Festival. In late 1968 and early 1969 Jimi received Artist Of The Year, Performer Of The Year, and World Top Musician awards. Jimi Hendrix’s career then began a downfall as the Jimi Hendrix Experience broke up and Jimi got arrested in Toronto. Jimi formed his last band called Band Of Gypsys and they played a few big concerts in 1970. Then Jimi played his  biggest concert in front of 500,000 people at the Atlanta Pop Festival on July 4, 1970. Jimi Hendrix’s last concert was at the Isle of Fehmarn in Germany. Jimi died on September 18, 1970 and just the day before Jimi wrote his last song entitled â€Å"The Story of Life†. (â€Å"Time Line†) There were many great musicians in the 20th century, and some people believe that they have had a greater influence than Jimi Hendrix on rock today. There were the Beatles, Elvis Presley, the Rolling Stones and many other amazing musicians. Each of these artists also produced anywhere from 10-30 albums in their careers and, â€Å"†¦in his life time Jimi Hendrix officially released only three studio albums† (Fricke) With so little music produced for the public how could he have influenced rock in any way at all. There are also other people who think Jimi Hendrix was a bad influence. Jimi Hendrix ran into many problems with the law involving his use of drugs and his anger problems. Some people feel that if someone influential is using drugs or committing violent acts this is influencing fans and followers in a wrong and potentially harmful way. There are also people who probably just didn’t like his music. â€Å"The furor Hendrix created upon his arrival on the London pop scene was unprecedented.† (Fricke) His new style of using lots of electronic sound effects was very different and new, and to some people probably it just sounded like a bunch of noise. If anything, some felt his influence changed rock for the worse. It is definitely true that there were many great musicians that played a part in influencing rock music and making it what it is today. Those musicians also wrote more albums and had more popular songs than Jimi Hendrix. But having many albums and popular songs isn’t what really influenced the development of rock music or the people who played and wrote rock music. What really influences something is a new and unique style, and that is exactly what Jimi Hendrix provided. He, â€Å"did not conform to British fantasies of sharpdressing soul belters grizzled old bluesmen, who played rock & roll guitar†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fricke). The way he took control during a concert using his pure talent with a guitar and the new style he had in his heart, changed the way concerts were to be performed forever. Jimi Hendrix did have a few flaws in his personality, but that doesn’t change his influence in the  slightest. His influence came directly from his music and this part of him was flawless. â€Å"†¦simply pulling sounds out of the air and taming them into one seamless whole, accomplishing it with unassailable daring.† (Mitchell) Jimi Hendrix was one of the most influential and talented musicians of the 20th century, and through his work he has made rock music what it is today. The combination of that creative drive with his stunning technique, sonic imagination and ingenious, painterly exploitation of effects like wah-wah, feedback, distortion and sheer earthquaking volume transformed rock & roll — and its primary instrument, the electric guitar –forever. Hendrix left an indelible, fiercely individual mark on popular music, accelerating rock’s already dynamic rate of change in the late Sixties with his revolutionary synthesis of guitar violence, improvisational nerve, spacey melodic reveries and a confessional intensity born of the blues. (Fricke) Although Jimi Hendrix didn’t affect any other fields other than rock music directly, his influence on rock music continues to effect the world today. Many people have various aspects to their personality and Jimi Hendrix was definitely one of them. On his one side he had serious drug and anger problems. This side of him, obviously the bad one, was not the side his fans thought of when they saw his poster on their wall. They thought of his flawless other side in which he was an amazing guitarist, song writer and performer. Jimi Hendrix loved to write music and play his guitar more than anything else in the world, â€Å"For Hendrix it was the substance of life.† (Fricke). Work Cited Fricke, David. â€Å"Jimi Hendrix: The Greatest Guitarist of All Time.† Rolling Stone. February 6, 1992 â€Å"Hendrix, Jimi.† The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York: Columbia University press, 2003. â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Biography.† We’ll Always Remember Jimi Hendrix. (1 December, 2003) Mitchell, Elvis. â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Again, Going Out With a Bang.† New York Times. October 6 2001, :A20 â€Å"Time Line†. Jimi Hendrix Online Archive. (3 December, 2003)

Childhood Memory Essay

I would define childhood as a never ending vacation, a rollercoaster ride that never stops exciting and entertaining, making life worth living. But childhood also has its memories that a person would remember when they grow up or probably when they are sharing with their kids about what they cherish the most or what made them realize how beautiful childhood actually was compared to being grown up. The memory that still makes me rethink about my decision and makes me wish that I could go back in time and reverse it, during my childhood I had a craze for riding bicycles with my friends. During one sunny afternoon, I and my best friend George went for a ride in our neighborhood. Enjoying the lovely weather and scenery, we were following our usual routine for weekends which was to go around and just talk and enjoy the time together, but one day something different happened. It was 4 in the evening and it was getting a little cold outside so we decided to have a small race before we could head back home and watch some television. We decided our starting and finishing points and after a long debate we decided whoever wins would get an extra pack of chips during the television time. So after we got to the starting point we both were eager and ready to beat each other and finally we took off, George being the more fitter was in the lead from the start but I did not give up. Teasing away and making fun of me George was certain to win the race when something very shocking happened. Without knowing George accidently ran on top of a small puppy across the street and in doing so he fell down from his bicycle and looked badly injured. I could not help but to go for the finish because I wanted to win. As I got back to where George had fell and started laughing at him for loosing then suddenly I realized George was crying not because he was injured because the puppy badly wounded. I freaked out and had no idea what to do so we decided if we go and tell someone we might get in a problem so we decided to run away to get back home. After we got home I was so scared to even tell my mom what caused George to fall and lied that he fell because of a stone that was on the road and we were not racing. I could not sleep and I decided to tell my mother what had actually happened. My mother was upset and she told me that instead of wanting to win just for an extra pack of chips I should have tried to save the puppy and also take care of George earlier. That night I learned my lesson that winning is not everything, sometimes loosing makes you a better winner.

A Particular Friend or Family Member Essay

If I need to choose one of my family members, I may prefer to write about my superhero in my life that is my beloved father. Actually in my mind, I had three persons that always be my superheroes in my life. They are my elder sister that I call ‘Along’, my beloved mother and my beloved father. Each of them has their own achievement in their life that I think I should be proud and respect to them. Besides that, these three person are always be the person who always supporting me from my back when I need somebody to be my shoulder beside my closed friend. My father might not be the superheroes such like Superman, Spiderman or Batman but my beloved father are always be the great superhero in my life. There are the reasons why I choose my beloved father to be my super hero and the person I think I need to describe about. > First and foremost, I want to describe about the characteristics of my father that I love so much. Everyone in this world has their own father and surely they also have their own opinion about the characteristics of their beloved father. So do I, I also has my own opinion about the characteristics of my father that I impressed from I am kids until who I am today. He is an open-minded and a patient person because if I want to share anything to my father, he will listen carefully on what I want to talk about and after that he will try to give the best solution to me to solve the problem. After that, he is good disciplinarian because my father loves his children but he does not let we get away with murder. He strongly disapproves of his children’s misdeeds, using tough love to prove a point. He does this through the power of his words, not his fists. Furthermore, he is a firm father too because when he set a rule, he still give we a little freedom to break it with a rational re asons. In addition, from my observation my father has a great characteristic to be a good leader to my family, his friends and students. I cannot deny about it because I heard with my own ears what my father’s friends and students talking about his attitude in work and everything are positive criticism. Actually, I am proud to be his daughter because there too many achievement that my father achieved in his career. Sometimes I feel confused why my father’s friends said that I need to be proud with my own father. And now, I knew the reasons why and I agreed with them. The achievement that my father had achieved in his life really can inspire me to be like him. He is really hard working to get what he wants to achieve in his life. He really makes me feel that my father is a great person at my eyes. Furthermore, he is a discipline person in his work. If my father had nothing to do on that day, he will start to finish his work. My father will try to finish his work according to the plan he created. My father is a humble person too because the first point I see is my father not teach my family to live in clover, although in fact he was able to provide it. Then, my father still be himself even he had a great achievement in his life and he do not like to use his rank that he has in his daily life or anything. For him, the rank will bring us nowhere and it was just the rank. Last but not least, I really impressed with the history of life of my beloved father. My father actually are not comes from an easy family but with his hard working and perseverance in study can helps he to improve the standard of living of his family until now. That is why my father really focused about the education in our family. It is because my father always said that without education, we will go nowhere. That was his principle in life. My father does not want his own family not have an education even we cannot get the best achievement or a good career. He also wants to give the best to our family and I realized about that I really impressed to make my father as the role model that I can emulate in my life. For conclusion, we need to give our best in anything we do in this life. Besides that, we need to know on how to appreciate the kindness and others person around us especially our beloved father. Their sacrifices cannot be valued with a million dollars of money or the diamonds in this world. Make our father as our superhero are the best choice because there can be good role model to us in life. A true friend A friend who helps out when we are in trouble is a true friend—unlike others who disappear when trouble arises. Friends are one of most important things in our lives. Unfortunately we have a few real friends. I have a lot of friends- girls and boys. It doesn’t matter what they are. They have to be my real friends. He or she has to be good and reliable. It doesn’t matter how he or she looks like. He or she has to be responsible and helpful. I think these people are one of the best people in the world. If she or he is attractive and sensitive it will be wonderful! Just like me! But we have to be good with our friends who haven’t got character like this. Every man has features which he doesn’t like. We shouldn’t forget that we are people, too. I’m sure that if we are good with people we will have more and better friends. I have a friend named Nobin Jacob who went to the High School –India (September 18, 2001) . He did not have to work because he parents paid for her school and all his expenses. All he had to worry about was studying and doing his homework. Nevertheless, instead of using the time wisely, he would always put off doing his schoolwork by saying that there is enough time to do it later. Moreover, almost ever every afternoon he watched television and talked on the phone with his friends. Still, he preferred to study after eight o’clock at night, but this was the time his friends wanted to go out. Unfortunately, he would hardly ever do his homework; thus, his essays were also late. After Nobin’s first year at the school, his grades seemed to get worse and worse. What do you think would happen if Elizabeth would have to work and pay her own tuition? Do you think it would change her behavior toward school? Finally, I concluded that students who pay their own tuition are more likely to do well in school. First and most importantly, I think it is proper time management that effects good performance in school. Let us look at the students who do not have to pay their own tuition, so they do not have to work. Because they have a lot of free time after school, they think that there is enough time to do their homework later, so they do not even bother to think about it and plan when to do it. For example, think about the time that some of them waste by watching their favorite TV shows, or by playing games on the Internet. This time could be used for doing math problems or for starting to write an essay, which could be due in a week. These students tend to put things off for later. On the other hand, because students who work while going to school have a limited time for studying and doing homework, they have to plan their time for the future, so they do not put themselves behind other classmates. They see time as time blocks, so they plan their work ahead. For example, if they know that they are working tomorrow, and their homework is due in three days, most likely they would start doing their homework today because they realize that tomorrow they will be too tired after work to do their homework. Indeed, time for work and school can be hard to juggle, but it helps students organize their time, so there is enough time to do the assigned homework or to study. In fact, they are paying for school with their own money; thus, they do not want to waste the opportunity to do well in school. For this reason, students who work and go to school at the same time value time more than students who do not work; working students must know how to organize their time to Close Friend Every human has their own needs and wants. Needs like food, home, clothes and so on are very significant for each and every human. Besides all those necessity, every human also needs to have a friend. Friends are one of most important things in our lives. I think these people are one of the best people in the world. Friends are people that you can rely on. Some name their friend as close friend. This happens when a particular friend, be concerned with you more like a family and vice-versa. You will get to know each other deeply. I have a lot of friends- girls and boys. But they are not my close friend. I can trust all of them though. They might be nice and friendly to me but they might not understand the real me. My close friend should be someone who knows every single thing about me, loving and is someone a part of me. Like everyone else, I also do have a friend; close friend. My close friend’s name is Tina. There is nobody like her who had changed my life dramatically. I first met Tina at my uncle’s wedding. I still remember she was dressed in a very astounding dress and was the center of attraction. I was very jealous of her back then. After having dinner, the dance floor was opened. I was afraid to ask her to dance with me and so was she. After few minutes, she walked towards me and she asked,† You’re Uncle Marik’s daughter right?†. I replied yes. I asked her how she knows me. Then she said that her father and my father are childhood friends. And that’s how we started talking to each other. We danced all night long. Tina is actually from Penang. Since it was too late that night, she and her family stayed over at my place. We got to know each other better now. I was sad when she had to go back the next day. Although we have just met, but I feel very happy having her by my side. After a few days, her mother called my mother to ask permission if Tina can stay with Dengue fever also known as breakbone fever, is an infectious tropical diseasecaused by the dengue virus. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles. In a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life-threateningdengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs. Dengue is transmitted by several species of mosquito within the genus Aedes, principally A. aegypti. The virus has four different types; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others. Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications. As there is no commercially available vaccine, prevention is sought by reducing the habitat and the number of mosquitoes and limiting exposure to bites. Treatment of acute dengue is supportive, using either oral or intravenous rehydration for mild or moderate disease, and intravenous fluids and blood transfusion for more severe cases. The incidence of dengue fever has increased dramatically since the 1960s, with around 50–100 million people infected yearly. Early descriptions of the condition date from 1779, and its viral cause and the transmission were elucidated in the early 20th century. Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is endemic in more than 110 countries. Apart from eliminating the mosquitoes, work is ongoing on a vaccine, as well as medication targeted directly at the virus. Typically, people infected with dengue virus are asymptomatic (80%) or only have mild symptoms such as an uncomplicated fever.[1][2][3] Others have more severe illness (5%), and in a small proportion it is life-threatening.[1][3] The incubation period (time between exposure and onset of symptoms) ranges from 3–14 days, but most often it is 4–7 days.[4] Therefore, travelers returning from endemic areas are unlikely to have dengue if fever or other symptoms start more than 14 days after arriving home.[5]Children often experience symptoms similar to those of the common cold and gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea)[6] and have a greater risk of severe complications,[5][7] though initial symptoms are generally mild but include high fever.[7] The Causes And Effects Of Cramming Essay Every Day Student goes to school and university, and they are learning new material and new assignments. Some students study every day what they learnt, but some students let the studying until they have exams or something to do. That’s called cramming. What is the meaning of cramming? , and what are the causes of cramming? , and what are the positive and negative effects of cramming? Cramming is the practice of trying to study a large amount of class material in a short period, typically the night before an exam, test, or quiz. It is often done by students in preparation for upcoming exams .Students cram for a number of reasons including fear of failure because of disabilities, over with little or no time to study. This can happen to students with jobs, family obligations, or who may be involved in too many extra-curricular activities. Cramming may increase levels, low motivation to study on a regular basis well before time for tests, and underachievement. Cramming is often d iscouraged by educators because the hurried coverage of material tends to result in poor retention. There are various causes of cramming. First, the students do not follow a fixed time for study because they don’t schedule their studying. Second, students’ don’t take notes of important points given in the lecture, so they don’t study well for their quizzes and exams. Third, the students did not revise the material from time to time, so they forget the material. For example, a student took new topics in math. He should not revise it only in the day of the exam, but he should revise it from time to time. Also, another cause of cramming that the student feel boring of studying during the semester, so he/she will leave studying until the exams start. Cramming has a lot of negative and positive effects. There are variable negative effects of cramming. First, the person uses the memory instead of understanding the concepts and getting benefit from the material.